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The Study on Martial Arts on Horseback
of the Cavalry in Late Joseon Era

2011. 8.
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Abstract

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´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡ ÀüÀïÀ̶ó´Â º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ ¿ª»çÀû »ê¹°À» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â µ¥ À־ ½Ç±â¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Á¾ÇÕÀû ¿¬±¸´Â ÀüÀï¿¡ È°¿ëµÈ Àü¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇظ¦ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁÙ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´ç´ë »çȸ Çö»ó Àü¹ÝÀ» ¼¼¹ÐÇÏ°Ô ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ Æ²ÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸´Â Á¶¼±Èı⠱⺴ÀÇ ¸¶»ó¹«¿¹¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¹«¿¹»ç ¹× ÀüÀï»çÀû ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­ °íÂûÇÑ °ÍÀÓ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¤Ä¡»çÀû Ãø¸éÀÇ ÀϺκп¡µµ Á¢±ÙÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¼º°ú¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿©¼­ Á¶¼±½Ã´ë ÀüÀï»ç ¿¬±¸ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Á¶¼±Àº °Ç±¹ ´ç½ÃºÎÅÍ ±âº´À» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¿ÀÀ§Áø¹ý Àü¼úüÁ¦¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ´ç½Ã ñ«îØÀÎ ¿©ÁøÁ·ÀÇ ÇÙ½É Àü¼úÀÌ ±âº´ÀÇ ¸¶»ó¹«¿¹¸¦ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Á¶¼±Àü±â ¹«°üµî¿ëÀÇ ÇÙ½É ¼ö´ÜÀÎ ÙëΡ¿¡¼­ ±âº´ÀÇ ¸¶»ó¹«¿¹ÀÎ ÑÈóæ°ú ÑÈÞÒ´Â º¸º´ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±Ã½Ã·ù °ú¸ñ°ú ÇÔ²² Çٽɹ«¿¹·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌÈÄ 16¼¼±â ¸»±îÁö Å« Àü¶õÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ ±âº´À§ÁÖÀÇ Àü¼úüÁ¦´Â ±×´ë·Î À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÓÁø¿Ö¶õÀ» °ÅÄ¡¸é¼­ ±âº´À§ÁÖÀÇ Àü¼úüÁ¦·Î´Â ÀϺ»±ºÀÇ Á¶ÃÑ°ú â°ËÀ» ºñ·ÔÇÑ ´Üº´Á¢Àü¼ú¿¡ ´ëóÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ µå·¯³µ´Ù.

ÈƷõµ°¨ÀÇ ß²â¢Ü²Ã¼Á¦´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±âº´À§ÁÖÀÇ Àü¼úüÁ¦¸¦ º¸º´(ƯÈ÷ øßâ¢)À§ÁÖ·Î º¯È­½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ±× ÇѰ踦 ±Øº¹ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀÓ¶õ±â ¸¶»ó¹«¿¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÑÈÞÒ°¡ ½ÇÀü¼ºÀ» ±Ø´ëÈ­½ÃŲ ÑÈõÖ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î º¯È­ ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿´À½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

17¼¼±â ÃÊ¹Ý ý­ÑÑÀÇ À§ÇùÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁö¸é¼­ Á¶¼±Àº ÀÓ¶õ Áß °­È­µÈ º¸º´ Áß½ÉÀÇ Àü¼ú·Î À̸¦ ±Øº¹ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀ¸·Î ÎÃú­ÏÖÓÛ¿¡ ÆíÂùµÈ¡ºÙëçÝð³ÜÏÛèæ»áÙ󢡻ÀÇ úñÓïÍâ°ú ôì×£åçêÅÓï´Â º¸º´ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±âº´¿¡°Ôµµ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹«¿¹·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾î Ãß°¡µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±âº´¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸º´Àü¼úÀ» °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© º¸º´ÀÇ ´ë±âº´Àü¼úÀÌ ´ã±ä¡ºæßܲò¦Ñõ¡»À» ±º¿µ¿¡ º¸±ÞÇÏ¿´´Ù.

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Abstract

The Study on Martial Arts on Horseback
of the Cavalry in Late Joseon Era

Choi, hyeong-guk
Major in Korean History
The Department of History
The graduate school of Chung-Ang University

The martial arts on horseback of the cavalry are a representative military martial arts compiled by the Korean over several centuries. Especially, the battle capability of the cavalry is from 3 times at minimum to over 10 times at maximum, their capability is higher than that of the general infantry. During the traditional age, it formed a special military branch that fulfilled a key role.

As such, a study of the martial arts on horseback of the cavalry will enable us to understand the military policy of the times and more fundamentally recognize the changes to how the war. Moreover, in respect to understanding a war, a complex studies including micro- history will not only enable a fundamental understanding of tactics employed in war, but also provide an important framework of analyzing in detail the overall state of the society during that age.

This study considers an area of military history as the perspective of micro-history regarding the martial arts on horseback of the cavalry in late Joseon era and at the same time, includes even an area of political history. Based on the results of this study, I have sought to suggest a new research methodology for the study of military history of the Joseon era.

The cavalry was key to the management of the tactics of Joseon military in early Joseon dynasty. This reason was because during the previous dynasty of Goryeo dynasty, the previous dynasty, Goryeo ha to fought with the northern nomadic people for a long time and had assimilated their cavalry tactics.

Also, Seonggye Lee, the founder of Joseon kingdom, achieved many military victories against various foreign tribes including the Jurchen tribesmen of the northern region. He established his kingdom based on the military power acquired from this process. Especially, the Jurchen tribesmen were considered as the main enemy of Joseon military during the early Joseon dynasty and their key tactic was centered on the martial arts on horseback of the cavalry.

As a response, Seonggye Lee adopted Owi Jinbeop (Rules of Deployment of the Five Military Commands) centered on the cavalry. Thus, the use of spear and arrow on horseback by a cavalryman was recognized as basic martial arts including the infantry's diverse bow and arrow classes at the military service examination, which was a key method of appointing a military officer in the early Joseon era. Subsequently, a tactical system, as it was, based on the cavalry was maintained because there was no major war until the latter 16th century.

However, when the Japanese army used a tactic based on the infantry utilizing firelocks and the art of fighting at close quarters with short weapons after the Japanes invasion of Joseon in April of 1592, Joseon military's tactics centered on the cavalry became powerless. In the following year, soldiers from the Jeolgang region dispatched as 2nd reinforcements recapture Pyeongyang castle overwhelming the Japanese military with the use of cannons and a variety of infantry's art of fighting a close quarters with short weapons.

Hence, Joseon established the system of three categories of soldiers, such as gunners, archers, and swordsmen. they centered on the infantry by introducing Gihyoshinseo (New Text of Practical Tactics), which was a Ming's book on martial arts instead of the tactics centered on the martial arts on horseback of the cavalry, and by setting up Hunryeondogam (Military Training Office) during the Japanese invasion. Especially, the case of martial arts on horseback during the Japanese invasion representatively changed and developed as a form of shooting arrows at a straw man, which maximized its practical aspect a simple shooting of arrows on horseback.

In the early 17th century, the threat from Hugeum (Later Chin) increasing, Joseon sought to overcome its threat by using the infantry centered tactic having consolidated during the Japanese invasion. Representatively, the Hyeobdogon and Cheongryongeonwoldo of Muyejebobeonyeoksogjib compiled during the reign of Gwanghaegun were added because they were effective martial arts not only the infantry, but also the cavalry. Further, for consolidating the infantry tactics of the cavalry, the Yeonbyeongjinam containing cavalry tactics was supplied to the military camps.

Yet, as the infantry of Joseon military was annihilated by Hugeum (Later Chin) cavalry tactics at the Shimha battle, the martial arts on horseback of the cavalry were beginning seeing in a new light. Particularly, during the Manchu invasion of 1636, Ching's cavalry tactics were not to attack the mountain fortresses of strategic bases which formed Joseon military's primary defensive tactics. Instead, the Ching cavalry employed the tactic of having the advance group of attack march quickly toward the capital city and gave over to the rear troops the task of attacking mountain fortresses along with the path of advancement, and thus formed the background to consolidating Joseon military's cavalry.

After that, under the process of preparing for an expedition to conquer the northern area in the reign of Hyojong, the cavalry force was significantly increased including the making all of the palace guards cavalrymen, and it became so generalized that exercise was conducted for a variety of horseback martial arts including shooting arrows on horseback in the backyard of the palace. During the reign of Hyeonjong, the cavalry was extended with the new formation of Jeongchogun, and the cavalry attacking infantrymen in a square formation was taken as the basic training system.

Especially, the policy to strength the cavalry was expanded not only to the central units, but also nationwide, as special cavalry units including Chingiwi or Byeolmusa of Hamgyeongdo province and Pyeongando province were set up in the provinces during the reign of Sukjong. During this process, in the case of martial arts on horseback, the simple throwing of a pear from a linked posture used for the military service examination changed and developed as one cavalryman combatting another cavalryman. Further, the Geumgun (palace guards) and the central military units set this up as a model of training exercise for spear .

In Youngjo era, the idea of restoring the owi (Five Military Commands) system of the early Joseon era emerged, as it became linked with the political situation consolidating the royal power. Moreover, for the restoration of the owi battle formation, the palace guards were reorganized centered on the cavalry and a reissuing of the book on strategy. Afterwards, during the reign of Jeongjo, the policy of strengthening the cavalry continually was implemented centering on Jangyongyeoung (Royal Guards Garrison in Suwon) and the cavalry of the central units including the Seongidae and Chingunwi were expanded.

Especially, during Jeongjo' s reign, Muyedobotongji (comprehensive guide book on all subjects dealing with the military, arms and weapons), which was developed by adding six different kinds of martial arts on horseback to Muyesinbo prepared for infantry martial arts by Sadoseja to consolidate martial arts on horseback, was supplied to the central units and provincial troops. In the books relating strategy including Byeonghagtong and Ijinchongbang, compiled along with Muyedobotongj, a variety of battle formations centered on the cavalry that could not be observed in the existing books on strategy were included. This was able to verify an intent to consolidate cavalry tactics. Along with such a policy to strengthen the cavalry, there were changes to the martial arts on horseback of the cavalry. In the case of Masangpyeongon could see that it established itself as required martial arts for the cavalry, since it was selected as a subject for the military service examination in late Joseon era. Also, as an analysis of the characteristics of the actual posture of Masangpyeongon, this study found that this was a weapon that could blow an enemy more effectively than the existing sword or spear because one could comprehensively approach the enemy very closely and quickly strike them at a close range.

Yet, such a reorganization of cavalry tactics and martial arts on horseback greatly was deteriorated in the 19th century. The phenomenon of deterioration of cavalry tactics and martial arts on horseback originates in Jangyongyoung abolition and the continued weakening of the central units. First, along with Jangyongyoung' s abolition during the reign of Sunjo, the Seongidae and Chingunwi, which constituted the main cavalry troops of the central military units in the past, were disbanded. Following this, even the cavalrymen belonging to the central military units continued to weaken after the 19th century due to such reasons as confusion surrounding the military administration and so on.

Moreover, in respect to the provincial cavalry including Chingiwi and Byeolmusa, which maintained a vigor for expansion since the reign of Sukjong, the skills of martial arts progressively deteriorated because there was no realistic improvement in provision and were devoid of any substance. This kind of a problem of lowering status of the provincial cavalry was not simply limited to one region, but appeared countrywide.

Also, when we examine the rebellion of Gyeongrae Hong that took place during the early part of Sunjo's reign, the weakening of the cavalry and martial arts on horseback became marked, and this could be seen as a change caused by the development of firearms which at the time constituted a change in the history of tactics. In addition, during the process of configuring the punitive forces and the battle, the need for the cavalry and martial arts on horseback significantly decreased because the rebellion was suppressed via a tactic that used firelocks and large caliber cannons rather than a tactic utilizing cavalrymen.

Especially, as the details of Yungwonpilbi, a book on strategy compiled by Jonggyeong Park, the training master during the rebellion of Gyeongrae Hong, were centered on firearms, one could discover the characteristics of tactical history changing at the time. Subsequently, from such a change, the key responsibility of the cavalry was limited to constant guarding of the palace after the mid-19th century and tactically due to the increase in the number of soldiers equipped with firearms, it faced with the changes of becoming a unit for transportation. The training for martial arts on horseback likewise became progressively limited to the guards of the palace due to such a phenomenon as deterioration of the cavalry. Afterwards, actual effective value of firearms became lost because of the rapid development of firearms.

The decline phenomenon of these martial arts on horseback of the cavalry showed the change of branches of the army not meet the need of the times and carried a significant meaning reflecting the phases of the times, not the consolidation and decline of even branches of the army.

 

Key word : Cavalry, Martial Arts on Horseback, Cavalry tactics, Horseback archery, Horseback spear, Masangpyeongon, Chingiwi, Byeolmusa, Seongidae, Jangyongyoung,¡ºGihyoshinseo¡»,¡ºMuyedobotongj¡»,¡ºByeonghagtong¡», Martial Arts history, Military history

 

 

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